In this digital era, social media platforms, google reviews, and other online forums have enabled the consumers to express their experiences publicly and these online reviews significantly influence consumer decisions and business reputations. UAE recognises the right of individuals to express their genuine opinions in these public platforms, but such right is subjected to legal limitations. A review that crosses the line from legitimate consumer criticism to defamatory or abusive content may expose the author to both criminal prosecution as well as civil liability.
Freedom of Expression is not Absolute
UAE law protects individuals and businesses against the publications that damage their honour, reputation, or dignity. Although consumers are entitled to share genuine experiences regarding products and services, such opinions must be truthful, objective, and expressed in good faith.
A review is generally considered lawful when it:
- Is based on the reviewer’s actual experience;
- Expresses an honest and objective opinion regarding a product or service;
- Is supported by verifiable facts;
- Does not contain false allegations, insults, abusive language, or personal attacks; and
- Does not accuse an individual or business of criminal or unethical conduct without evidence.
On the contrary, a review may become unlawful where it exceeds criticism of the service and targets the personal reputation or integrity of the business owner or any individual.
Relevant UAE Laws
- Federal Decree-Law No. 31 of 2021 on the Crimes and Penalties Law (UAE Penal Code)
The UAE Penal Code criminalises acts of insult and defamation committed against another person where such statements damage the victim’s honour, dignity, or reputation. Depending upon the circumstances, defamatory statements may constitute criminal offences where the publication attributes dishonourable conduct or exposes another person to public contempt or ridicule. The penalties may include fines and imprisonment, depending on the nature and seriousness of the offence.
- Federal Decree-Law No. 34 of 2021 on Combatting Rumours and Cybercrimes
Where defamatory or insulting content is published through electronic means including social media platforms, websites, Google Reviews, messaging applications, or other digital platforms, the Cybercrime Law applies. The law criminalises the use of information technology to publish material that:
- Defames another person;
- Insults or abuses individuals;
- Damages the reputation of persons or businesses;
- Publishes false information capable of harming others.
Civil Liability
A person who suffers reputational or financial damage due to defamatory online publications may also institute civil proceedings claiming compensation against the perpetrator. Civil damages may include compensation for:
- Financial losses;
- Damage to business reputation;
- Loss of customers;
- Emotional distress; and
- Other direct losses resulting from the unlawful publication.
Recent Judicial Development
A recent decision of the Abu Dhabi Judicial Department shows the UAE Court’s strict approach towards defamatory online content.
In that case, a social media influencer published a video criticising a well-known restaurant. The Court found that the publication exceeded the boundaries of legitimate consumer feedback because it targeted the restaurant owner personally rather than objectively reviewing the restaurant’s services.
The Court ordered the influencer to pay court fine of AED 30,000 for the abusive online content. The court ordered an additional AED 51,000 in temporary civil compensation payable to the affected business owner. The creator was strictly mandated to delete and remove the defamatory video from social media channels and the mobile phone used to record and publish the offending video clip was confiscated by authorities.
This decision establishes that UAE Courts distinguish between honest consumer criticism and publications that unlawfully attack the reputation or dignity of individuals.
Conclusion
UAE encourages transparency and honest consumer feedback, but such freedom carries legal responsibilities. There is a clear distinction between expressing dissatisfaction with a product or service and making defamatory statements that attack the reputation, honour, or integrity of individuals or businesses.
Consumers, influencers, and content creators should therefore ensure that their reviews remain factual, objective, and respectful. They should be aware that UAE law provides strong criminal and civil remedies against defamatory online publications.
We at Ayesha Aldhaheri Advocates & Legal Consultants, provides legal support for defamation through the social media platforms. Our team helps clients understand their legal rights under UAE law and take appropriate legal action wherever necessary.